Expected EIPs in Ethereum's Fusaka Upgrade

Ethereum’s upcoming Fusaka Upgrade is expected to be one of the most impactful network updates in recent history. With 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) already marked as “Scheduled for Inclusion” (SFI), the upgrade focuses on scaling Layer 1 & Layer 2, improving cryptographic efficiency, stabilizing network operations, and enhancing the overall user experience. In this blog, we’ll explore each EIP in detail, understanding its significance for developers, validators, and end users.

• EIP-7594: PeerDAS – Peer Data Availability Sampling
• EIP-7642: eth/69 – History Expiry & Simpler Receipts
• EIP-7823: Set Upper Bounds for MODEXP
• EIP-7825: Transaction Gas Limit Cap
• EIP-7883: ModExp Gas Cost Increase
• EIP-7892: Blob Parameter Only (BPO) Hardforks
• EIP-7917: Deterministic Proposer Lookahead
• EIP-7918: Blob Base Fee Bounded by Execution Cost
• EIP-7934: RLP Execution Block Size Limit
• EIP-7935: Set Default Gas Limit to XX0M
• EIP-7939: Count Leading Zeros (CLZ) Opcode
• EIP-7951: Precompile for secp256r1 Curve Support

PeerDAS

PeerDAS fundamentally changes how Ethereum nodes store and verify data. Instead of every node holding the complete dataset, they only store assigned fractions while verifying total data availability through a coordinated process. This approach, described in EIP-7594, drastically reduces Layer 2 costs and supports scaling to 128+ blobs per block without overwhelming individual participants. Developers gain the freedom to build richer, data-heavy applications such as complex DeFi platforms, gaming systems, or analytics tools without prohibitive costs. Infrastructure like block explorers, indexers, and APIs will require major updates to handle new sampling and proof formats. By preserving decentralization while enabling massive throughput, PeerDAS becomes the foundational step toward full Danksharding.

eth/69 – History Expiry & Simpler Receipts

This networking update streamlines Ethereum node synchronization by removing outdated historical data from new node setups starting May 2025. As outlined in EIP-7642, the change saves roughly 530GB of bandwidth per sync, leading to faster initial setups and reduced storage requirements. While end users benefit indirectly through improved reliability, infrastructure developers will need to update historical data APIs and indexing services. Wallet providers will also see performance improvements when querying older transactions. By simplifying receipts and reducing unnecessary data transfer, Ethereum becomes more efficient and better positioned to support large-scale Layer 2 adoption.

Set Upper Bounds for MODEXP

To enhance network stability, EIP-7823 introduces an 8192-bit input limit for the MODEXP cryptographic precompile. Without a cap, extremely large inputs could create consensus bugs or denial-of-service vulnerabilities. The limit easily accommodates all known real-world cryptographic use cases, such as RSA verification, ensuring no legitimate applications are affected. Developers gain more predictable execution environments, while node operators face reduced risk from resource-intensive computations. Tooling may require small updates for the new bounds, but consensus logic remains unchanged. Overall, this proposal strengthens Ethereum’s cryptographic reliability without compromising functionality.

Transaction Gas Limit Cap

EIP-7825 sets a maximum 30 million gas limit for any single transaction, ensuring that no one transaction can consume the majority of block resources. This policy enhances fairness, improves predictability for transaction inclusion, and reduces potential risks to network stability. While most transactions fall far below this threshold, large-scale DeFi operations or massive contract deployments may need to be split into smaller steps. Wallets and tooling will need to enforce the cap to avoid failed submissions. The change also enables safer increases in overall block capacity by preventing extreme outlier transactions from slowing block validation.

ModExp Gas Cost Increase

In EIP-7883, Ethereum addresses the underpricing of the ModExp cryptographic precompile by raising the base cost from 200 to 500 gas and doubling the rate for inputs over 32 bytes. This adjustment ensures that computationally intensive operations are priced fairly, reducing the risk of low-cost denial-of-service attacks. Developers using large-number cryptography will need to plan for higher costs, and Layer 2 systems leveraging ModExp may see changes in batch processing economics. The change promotes economic sustainability for the network while maintaining support for valid cryptographic workloads.

Blob Parameter Only (BPO) Hardforks

EIP-7892 creates a new lightweight upgrade process specifically for adjusting blob storage parameters without waiting for major hard forks. This allows Ethereum to scale Layer 2 data capacity more incrementally and in response to real-time demand. Developers benefit from a predictable growth path for blob availability, encouraging them to build for Ethereum rather than alternative data solutions. Layer 2 operators gain cost stability, and client developers will adapt to more frequent but simpler upgrade cycles. The flexibility introduced here is critical for keeping pace with the rapid scaling needs of the Layer 2 ecosystem.

Deterministic Proposer Lookahead

EIP-7917 makes the Ethereum block proposer schedule fully predictable ahead of time. Today, validators only discover their assignments at the start of each epoch, which limits coordination for certain optimizations. By pre-calculating and storing future proposer schedules, the network can support more advanced MEV mitigation strategies and reliable preconfirmation services. Layer 2 settlement processes also benefit from improved timing predictability. The change has minimal operational impact on validators but will require updates to MEV tooling and block builder infrastructure.

Blob Base Fee Bounded by Execution Cost

To prevent the blob fee market from collapsing during low-demand periods, EIP-7918 ties blob base fees to execution costs. This ensures that blob users pay a fair minimum price even when demand for blob space is low compared to execution costs. Developers gain more predictable fee models, and wallets can provide more accurate estimates. For Layer 2 systems, the stability in blob pricing supports healthy economics and reduces exposure to volatile cost spikes. This mechanism safeguards Ethereum’s data layer as demand scales.

RLP Execution Block Size Limit

EIP-7934 caps the size of an Ethereum block at 10MB to protect against propagation delays and temporary forks. Oversized blocks slow down network communication, which can destabilize consensus. By setting this limit, Ethereum ensures faster block propagation, more consistent transaction confirmations, and improved infrastructure planning. Node operators benefit from reduced risk of network strain, and users see more reliable performance during high activity. This simple but vital safeguard enhances the network’s resilience to denial-of-service attacks.

Set Default Gas Limit to XX0M

EIP-7935 proposes increasing Ethereum’s default gas limit from 36 million to a higher yet-to-be-finalized number. This would directly expand Layer 1 execution capacity, enabling more complex transactions and higher throughput. The change requires extensive testing to ensure stability and may increase hardware requirements for validators and RPC nodes. For users, higher capacity means shorter transaction queues and faster confirmations during peak periods. This update balances performance improvements with the need for careful operational safety.

Count Leading Zeros (CLZ) Opcode

EIP-7939 introduces a native EVM opcode to count the number of leading zero bits in a 256-bit number. This operation, currently expensive to implement in Solidity, is crucial for compression algorithms, mathematical computations, and zero-knowledge proofs. By adding it as a native opcode, Ethereum reduces gas costs and bytecode size for these operations, enabling more efficient on-chain cryptography. Layer 2s with heavy ZK workloads stand to benefit significantly from this improvement.

Precompile for secp256r1 Curve Support

EIP-7951 adds native verification for the widely used secp256r1 (P-256) cryptographic curve. Billions of devices, from iPhones to hardware wallets, already use this standard, but Ethereum currently only supports secp256k1. With native support, these devices can sign Ethereum transactions directly without conversion layers. This dramatically improves wallet compatibility, reduces authentication complexity, and simplifies integration with existing hardware security systems. The update strengthens Ethereum’s appeal for mainstream adoption.

Conclusion

The Fusaka Upgrade represents a significant leap forward for Ethereum, addressing scaling, stability, economic sustainability, and real-world integration. Each EIP plays a role in making the network more efficient, secure, and developer-friendly. Once implemented, these changes will position Ethereum to handle greater demand, support richer applications, and remain a leader in the blockchain ecosystem.

If you find any issues in this blog or notice any missing information, please feel free to reach out at yash@etherworld.co for clarifications or updates.

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